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Introduction
The most frequent source of debilitating pain and joint destruction is arthritis. It is estimated that 36 million people in the United States have some form of arthritis. That's one in seven people.
A joint is a junction where two or more bones meet. These bones are covered by a layer of smooth, shiny cartilage that cushions and protects the bone while allowing ease of motion. Tough fibers called ligaments connect the bones of the joint and hold them in place. Muscles and tendons also help keep the joint stable. Of the more than 100 types of arthritis, the following three are the most common sources of joint damage:
- Osteoarthritis, sometimes called degenerative arthritis, is a disease which involves the breakdown of the tissue (cartilage) that normally allows the joint to move smoothly. When the gliding surface of the cartilage is gone, the bones grind against each other, creating popping sounds, pain and loss of normal movement. Although this condition occurs primarily in people over 50, it can begin at a younger age as a result of injury or overuse. Osteoarthritis commonly affects the hip, knee and shoulder.
- Rheumatoid arthritis is considered a systemic disease because it can attack any or all joints of the body. It affects women more often than men, and can strike both young and old, but usually occurs in adults over 30 years of age. Rheumatoid arthritis causes the body's immune system to produce a chemical that attacks and destroys the protective cartilage that covers the joint surface. The joint linings swell and pain and stiffness are usually present even when the joint is not in use. This usually occurs in the hands and feet, but larger joints such as the hips, knees and elbows may be involved.
- Trauma-related arthritis results when the joint is injured, either by fracture, dislocation or damage to the ligaments surrounding the joint causing instability or damage to the joint surfaces.
Diagnosis
Physicians use X-rays, a physical exam and evaluation of symptoms to diagnose arthritis. Laboratory tests can be used to determine the type of arthritis.
Treatment
Today, most types of arthritis cannot be cured. Anti-inflammatory drugs, exercise and physical therapy may be helpful in reducing stiffness and pain. The use of proper body mechanics as well as canes, walkers or crutches may also lessen stress on affected joints and help to improve function.
When conservative methods of treatment fail to provide adequate relief, total joint replacement may be considered.
(See: Hip Replacement, Knee Replacement, Shoulder Replacement)
Other surgical treatments available include: removal of diseased or damaged joint lining; realignment of joint; and fusion of the bone ends of a joint to prevent motion.
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